Síntomas y signos de la hipofunción vestibular unilateral y bilateral / Symptoms and signs of unilateral and bilateral vestibular hypofunction

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La disfunción vestibular periférica implica a los órganos vestibulares o a los nervios vestibulares, produciendo una gran variedad de síntomas y signos clínicos. MÉTODO: Revisión narrativa. DISCUSIÓN: El otoneurólogo es el encargado de realizar una evaluación exhaustiva para llegar a identificar el trastorno que presenta el paciente que acude con vértigo o desequilibrio. La clave diagnóstica es la anamnesis profunda completada con un cuidadoso examen otoneurológico. Además, las nuevas tecnologías de estudio que han surgido en este campo permiten un cambio en la definición, caracterización y tratamiento de estas patologías. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente revisión narrativa se describirán los dos grandes grupos de deficiencia vestibular periférica: la vestibulopatía unilateral y bilateral

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Peripheral vestibular dysfunction involve the vestibular organs or the vestibular nerve producing a wide variety of symptoms and clinical signs. METHOD: Narrative revision. DISCUSSION: The otoneurologist is responsible for conducting an exhaustive evaluation to identify the pathology presented by the patient who has vertigo or imbalance. The key to the diagnosis is the deep history completed with a careful otoneurological examination. CONCLUSIONS: In the present narrative review, the two large groups of peripheral vestibular deficiency will be described: unilateral and bilateral vestibulopathy

Compensación vestibular / Vestibular compensation

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La compensación vestibular es el conjunto de procesos que se ponen en marcha cuando tiene lugar una lesión a nivel vestibular sea cual sea el origen y la magnitud de la misma. a vez establecida la lesión los mecanismos de compensación del daño son variados y se establecen diferentes líneas de actuación. Para conocer cómo mejorar el estado de nuestros pacientes es importante saber cómo funciona la compensación vestibular y a qué niveles podemos actuar para acelerar el proceso de recuperación. CONCLUSIONES: Es importante conocer los mecanismos de compensación vestibular para adecuar la terapia a cada paciente y así mejorar su calidad de vida

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Vestibular compensation is the term used to describe the mechanisms triggered when there is damage in the vestibular system regardless of its origin. When suffering from an injure in vestibular area there are a wide range of compensatory responses that will involve different approaches. In order to improve the quality of life for our patients and to correctly work with them to accelerate the restoration process it is important to become acquainted with how vestibular compensation works. CONCLUSIONS: Vestibular compensation mechanisms are important to adapt the therapy to each patient and thus improve their quality of life

Normative data for static balance testing in healthy individuals using open source computerized posturography.

PURPOSE: Computerized posturography is the gold standard for balance assessment. Because of the great cost and dimensions of commercial equipments, low-cost and portable devices have been developed and validated, such as RombergLab, a software in open source term which works connected with a low-cost force platform. The objective of this study was to obtain normative posturography data using this software. METHODS: A multicentric prospective and descriptive study, with 350 healthy participants, was designed. Static postural stability (measured using the modified clinical test of sensory interaction on balance) was evaluated using the software connected to the force platform. Using the confidence ellipse area (CEA) in each condition, global equilibrium score (GES) was calculated and adjusted for significant variable factors using cluster analysis. RESULTS: Mean (SD) GES was 0.72 (0.22). Age (p < 0.01), height (p < 0.01) and recruitment center (p < 0.05) were found as influence factors for GES. Cluster analysis obtained 16 groups stratified by age and height. GES decreases with age and height (p < 0.005). No significant interaction of age nor height was found with GES in these clusters (p > 0.05). After correction for height and age, GES was no longer influenced by the recruitment center (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: With the introduction of the global equilibrium score values of the present study into the software, we consider RombergLab v1.3 a reference posturography tool for healthy individuals. Further studies are needed for validating it as a suitable instrumented test for screening between healthy and pathologic subjects and its reliability over time for the follow-up of patients.

Infarto cerebeloso: el gran simulador / Cerebellar infarction: the great mimicker

No disponible

Glucocorticoids improve acute dizziness symptoms following acute unilateral vestibulopathy.

Acute unilateral vestibulopathy (AUV) is characterized by acute vertigo, nausea, and imbalance without neurological deficits or auditory symptomatology. Here, we explore the effect of glucocorticoid treatment on the degree of canal paresis in patients with AUV, and critically, establish its relationship with dizziness symptom recovery. We recruited consecutive patients who were retrospectively assigned to one of the two groups according to whether they received glucocorticoid treatment (n = 32) or not (n = 44). All patients underwent pure-tone audiometry, bithermal caloric testing, MRI brain imaging, and were asked to complete a dizziness handicap inventory on admission to hospital and just prior to hospital discharge. In the treatment group, the canal paresis at discharge was significantly lower than in the control group (mean ± SD % 38.04 ± 21.57 versus 82.79 ± 21.51, p < 0.001). We also observed a significant reduction in the intensity of nystagmus in patients receiving glucocorticoid treatment compared to the non-treatment group (p = 0.03). DHI test score was significantly lower at discharge in the treatment group (mean ± SD % 23.15 ± 12.40 versus 64.07 ± 12.87, p < 0.001), as was the length of hospital stay (2.18 ± 1.5 days versus 3.6 ± 1.7 days, p = 0.002). Glucocorticoid treatment leads to acute symptomatic improvement, with a reduced hospital stay and reduction in the intensity of acute nystagmus. Our findings suggest that glucocorticoids may accelerate vestibular compensation via a restoration of peripheral vestibular function, and therefore has important clinical implications for the treatment of AUV.

[Peripheral vertigo versus central vertigo. Application of the HINTS protocol]. / Vértigo periférico frente a vértigo central. Aplicación del protocolo HINTS.

INTRODUCTION: One of the most important dilemmas concerning vertigo in emergency departments is its differential diagnosis. There are highly sensitive warning signs in the examination that can put us on the path towards finding ourselves before a case of central vertigo. AIM: To determine how effective the application of the HINTS protocol is in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents that mimics peripheral vertigo. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a descriptive observation-based study on patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of acute vestibular syndrome in the emergency department. All the patients were monitored on a day-to-day basis until their symptoms improved, with information about nystagmus, the oculocephalic manoeuvre and the skew test. The results from the magnetic resonance imaging study were compared with the alteration of any of those three signs during the time the patient was hospitalised. RESULTS: Altogether 91 patients were examined, with a mean age of 55.8 years. A cerebrovascular accident was observed in eight cases. Of these (mean age: 71 years), in seven of them there were alterations in some of the HINTS signs, and in one case the study was normal (sensitivity: 0.88; specificity: 0.96). All of them had some vascular risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: Faced with a patient who visits the emergency department with an acute vestibular syndrome, a suitably directed examination is essential to be able to establish the differential diagnosis between peripheral and central pathology, since some cerebrovascular accidents can present with the appearance of acute vertigo. Applying a protocol like HINTS makes it possible to suspect the central pathology with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.

TITLE: Vertigo periferico frente a vertigo central. Aplicacion del protocolo HINTS.Introduccion. Uno de los dilemas mas importantes concernientes al vertigo en urgencias es su diagnostico diferencial. Existen signos de alarma de gran sensibilidad en la exploracion que pueden ponernos en la pista de encontrarnos ante un vertigo central. Objetivo. Determinar la eficacia de la aplicacion del protocolo HINTS en el diagnostico del accidente cerebrovascular que simula un vertigo periferico. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio observacional descriptivo sobre pacientes ingresados con diagnostico de sindrome vestibular agudo en urgencias. Todos los pacientes fueron objeto de un seguimiento diario hasta la mejoria de sus sintomas con informacion del nistagmo, la maniobra de impulso oculocefalico y el test de skew. Se comparan los resultados del estudio de resonancia magnetica con la alteracion en alguno de esos tres signos a lo largo del ingreso del enfermo. Resultados. Se reunio a 91 pacientes, con una edad media de 55,8 años. Se objetivo un accidente cerebrovascular en ocho de ellos. De estos (edad media: 71 años), en siete existia una alteracion en alguno de los signos HINTS y en uno el estudio fue normal (sensibilidad: 0,88; especificidad: 0,96). Todos ellos tenian algun factor de riesgo vascular. Conclusiones. Una exploracion adecuada y dirigida ante un paciente que acude a urgencias con un sindrome vestibular agudo resulta de vital importancia para establecer el diagnostico diferencial entre la patologia periferica y la central, ya que algunos accidentes cerebrovasculares se pueden presentar bajo la apariencia de un vertigo agudo. Aplicar un protocolo como HINTS permite sospechar la patologia central con una gran sensibilidad y especificidad.

Vértigo periférico frente a vértigo central. Aplicación del protocolo HINTS / Peripheral vertigo versus central vertigo. Application of the HINTS protocol

Introducción. Uno de los dilemas más importantes concernientes al vértigo en urgencias es su diagnóstico diferencial. Existen signos de alarma de gran sensibilidad en la exploración que pueden ponernos en la pista de encontrarnos ante un vértigo central. Objetivo. Determinar la eficacia de la aplicación del protocolo HINTS en el diagnóstico del accidente cerebrovascular que simula un vértigo periférico. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional descriptivo sobre pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de síndrome vestibular agudo en urgencias. Todos los pacientes fueron objeto de un seguimiento diario hasta la mejoría de sus síntomas con información del nistagmo, la maniobra de impulso oculocefálico y el test de skew. Se comparan los resultados del estudio de resonancia magnética con la alteración en alguno de esos tres signos a lo largo del ingreso del enfermo. Resultados. Se reunió a 91 pacientes, con una edad media de 55,8 años. Se objetivó un accidente cerebrovascular en ocho de ellos. De éstos (edad media: 71 años), en siete existía una alteración en alguno de los signos HINTS y en uno el estudio fue normal (sensibilidad: 0,88; especificidad: 0,96). Todos ellos tenían algún factor de riesgo vascular. Conclusiones. Una exploración adecuada y dirigida ante un paciente que acude a urgencias con un síndrome vestibular agudo resulta de vital importancia para establecer el diagnostico diferencial entre la patología periférica y la central, ya que algunos accidentes cerebrovasculares se pueden presentar bajo la apariencia de un vértigo agudo. Aplicar un protocolo como HINTS permite sospechar la patología central con una gran sensibilidad y especificidad (AU)

Introduction. One of the most important dilemmas concerning vertigo in emergency departments is its differential diagnosis. There are highly sensitive warning signs in the examination that can put us on the path towards finding ourselves before a case of central vertigo. Aim. To determine how effective the application of the HINTS protocol is in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents that mimics peripheral vertigo. Patients and methods. We conducted a descriptive observation-based study on patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of acute vestibular syndrome in the emergency department. All the patients were monitored on a day-to-day basis until their symptoms improved, with information about nystagmus, the oculocephalic manoeuvre and the skew test. The results from the magnetic resonance imaging study were compared with the alteration of any of those three signs during the time the patient was hospitalised. Results. Altogether 91 patients were examined, with a mean age of 55.8 years. A cerebrovascular accident was observed in eight cases. Of these (mean age: 71 years), in seven of them there were alterations in some of the HINTS signs, and in one case the study was normal (sensitivity: 0.88; specificity: 0.96). All of them had some vascular risk factor. Conclusions. Faced with a patient who visits the emergency department with an acute vestibular syndrome, a suitably directed examination is essential to be able to establish the differential diagnosis between peripheral and central pathology, since some cerebrovascular accidents can present with the appearance of acute vertigo. Applying a protocol like HINTS makes it possible to suspect the central pathology with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity (AU)

Peritonitis meconial / Meconium peritonitis

Objetivo: Profundizar en el conocimiento de una entidad poco frecuente. Material y métodos: Partiendo de un caso de peritonitis meconial diagnosticado prenatalmente en nuestra unidad de ecografía, se hizo una búsqueda bibliográfica que incluye la mayoría de los casos comunicados de enero de 1988 a agosto de 2005. Resultados: Los hallazgos ecográficos más frecuentes incluyen: calcificaciones peritoneales (71,8%), ascitis fetal (49%), seudoquistes meconiales (47%), dilatación intestinal (31,2%) y polihidramnios (34,4%). El pronóstico perinatal está en relación directa con la causa subyacente; la obstrucción ileal fue la más frecuente, sin embargo, no se localizó la causa de la perforación en el 50% de los casos. La fibrosis quística se presentó en menos del 10%. La mortalidad perinatal media fue del 13%. Conclusiones: La casuística comunicada es escasa y existe discordancia entre los criterios diagnósticos, la patología subyacente y el pronóstico perinatal. No es posible tratar la peritonitis meconial extrapolando los datos posnatales a los prenatales; esta entidad siguesiendo una «desconocida» en el diagnóstico prenatal

Objective: To gain greater insight into a little known entity. Material and methods: Prompted by a case of meconium peritonitis prenatally diagnosed in our ultrasound unit, we performed a literature search including most of the cases reported from January 1988 to August 2005. Results: The most frequent ultrasonographic findings include intraabdominal calcifications (71.8%), fetal ascites (49%), meconium pseudocyst (47%), dilated bowel loops (31.2%), and 485 polyhydramnios (34.4%). Perinatal prognosis is directly connected with the underlying cause, the most frequent being ileal obstruction. However, in 50% of cases, the cause of the perforation is not located. Cystic fibrosis is present in less than 10%. The mean perinatal mortality is 13%. Conclusions: The reported casuistics are scarce and there are discrepancies in the diagnostic criteria, underlying disease, and prenatal diagnosis. Meconium peritonitis cannot be managed by extrapolating postnatal data to prenatal findings. This entity continues to be «unknown» in prenatal diagnosis